Herbal remedy for Scars - a way to reduce Scars the use of Cucumber

sooner or later in time, we start to question why and oftentimes this will result in melancholy in stressing over if there's genuinely a natural remedy for scars. First reality that we need to receive is that there may be truely no permanent elimination of scar. we are able to simply do some hints to make its appearance higher. So earlier than we pass all crazy in thinking of methods to relieve the difficulty, we need to test what we've got within the kitchen that can be a herbal therapy for scars.

Cucumber will be one of the quality herbal treatments for scars. it's miles exceptionally handy in view that it could be bought in any grocery store and it is reasonably cheap. The nice aspect about that is that it is now not acidic accordingly pores and skin inflammation will pretty unlikely occur. you could positioned it for your face indefinitely and it is able to by no means get worse the condition. it's one in every of nature's wonders, a present from above.

First step on this natural therapy for scars the usage of cucumber is making the cucumber paste. You just must peel the cucumber and get rid of its seed earlier than setting it in the blender. when you have available 5 fresh mint leaves and egg white, then better add the ones to create a great cucumber paste aggregate.

as soon as you've got the mixture, next step is to apply it on the affected areas. First, wash the region with heat water and then apply the paste onto the scar. leave it for about 20 mins then wash it with cool water and use easy towel to dry the skin. do this habitually for excellent outcomes.

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Natural therapy for Scars - a way to eliminate Scars using Lemon Juice

maximum of us may think that lemon juice is simply an component to a excellent refreshment drink however what we do no longer understand is that it's also used as a amazing natural remedy for scars. Lemon juice is distinctly accurate in scar treatment given that it's part of the Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA) organizations that dismisses the useless pores and skin cells to allow the increase of recent cells and assist skin become extra elastic.

The concept in the back of lemon juice being used as a natural therapy for scars is as it bleaches the pores and skin to help lighten the scar's appearance. it's far fine if it'll be used on a new wound so that the healing method can be faster, therefore avoiding horrific-searching scars. it may help update the antique dead skin cells with new ones to acquire the scar -ree appearance we're all aiming for.

to begin this herbal therapy for scars the usage of lemon juice, we simply want clean cut lemons from the fridge. it's miles satisfactory to apply it at the affected location even as it's bloodless to have a fresh feeling. lightly rubdown the lemon on the scar in a round motion to permit the juice to go through the skin layers. every other manner of doing is just through dabbing a piece of clean cotton to the lemon juice and apply it immediately to the scar. permit it dry for about 15 to 20 mins after which rinse it off with heat water.

more warning need to be achieved although for those who have touchy pores and skin. due to the fact that it is an acid it is able to result in stinging and on occasion pores and skin irritation. it'd be excellent to strive it first to your inner arm; if no skin infection occurs, then there is no stopping this most fresh manner to remove scars.

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When herbal treatment plans Are appropriate Or now not suitable

there are such a lot of one-of-a-kind modalities that fall beneath the umbrella of herbal remedies; you ought to be capable of discover one to be able to supplement your life-style and help you attain your fitness desires. all of them require one predominant issue even though and this is so as to take a touch little bit of day out - for your self.

Many human beings use natural treatment options every day. whether or not this is by using taking diet c whilst the flu comes on, or having a rubdown to help relax tight muscle mass, there may be a herbal therapy to fit us all.

Many natural therapies are complementary to medical treatment, such as in anaemia or low iron; a commonplace problem these days. Many people take iron tablets however nonetheless find it tough to construct their tiers up. by way of taking spirulina (blue-inexperienced micro algae) at a meal, it facilitates with a higher absorption of iron and outcomes have seen considerable upgrades in blood iron stages.

effective herbal alternative's to pain medicinal drug are usually. A latest observe showed that girls taught hypnosis tended to need much less ache relief all through childbirth and have been much more likely to have a ordinary start. learning this technique has result in less strain for the toddler and a quicker healing for the mother.

Many orthopedic surgeons now propose Glucosamine, a natural substance derived from crustacean shells, for helping with osteoarthritis. it's been scientifically tested to offer building blocks wished for the restore of cartilage, ligaments and tendons in the body. most of the people say its use is just like that once taking non-steroidal 07b031025f5f96dfa8443f843db463b6's, but with out the common facet outcomes.

ability for conflict with clinical treatments

whilst looking for recommendation from a natural therapist, usually tell them exactly what medication you are taking before they offer you remedy. a number of herbs are contraindicated with some medicinal drug, so they cannot be taken together. Examples of those are with the herb ginkgo biloba and warfarin or different blood thinners, and St Johns wort with antidepressants.

if you have any fitness trouble, including excessive blood stress, diabetes or have currently had an operation, it's far crucial which you inform the herbal therapist before hand. most treatments will exchange due to these troubles.

warning is always wanted if you are pregnant or breast feeding, as some types of natural therapy may not be appropriate. Even the healing procedures or dietary supplements you have got been using in the past can also no long be appropriate to apply. there are numerous natural treatment plans that would be useful to use all through those times, just ensure the character you are becoming recommendation from is qualified to achieve this and is aware of approximately your state of affairs.

Yoga is one natural remedy that is advocated at some stage in being pregnant. It enables tone the muscular tissues and enhance flow, while coaching you the way to breathe properly - all essential issues for being pregnant.

My conclusion is that a few form of herbal remedy will in shape most people; simply ensure the individual you get hold of this from is aware about your current health conditions and that they're properly certified and experienced. ideally they ought to be registered with the new Zealand constitution of health Practitioners.

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PID - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

PID - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is a general term for infection and inflammation of the upper genital tract in women. This disease can affect the uterus, fallopian tube and other organs related to reproduction.Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is a serious complication of sexually transmitted diseases especially chlamydia and gonorrhea. PID usually exhibits no symptoms. It can cause serious damage to the fallopian tubes and tissues in and around the ovaries and uterus.

CAUSES

Many microbes can cause PID. However the most common cases are from the bacteria that causes gonorrhea and chlamydia. Bacteria can also enter the body through certain procedures or processes and cause PID. These include

• child-birth
• elective abortion
• miscarriage
• endometrial biopsy
• insertion of an intra-uterine device IUD

RISK FACTORS

Your chances of getting PID increases if you have

• a past history of PID
• multiple sexual partners
• male sexual partners infected with chlamydia or gonorrhea
• inserted IUD recently
• past history of any sexually transmitted infections
• been sexually active during adolescent

SYMPTOMS

This disease may be asymptomatic especially when it is caused by chlamydia. However when symptoms do occur, it may include the following

• painful intercourse
• painful urination
• fever
• irregular menstruation
• foul vaginal discharge
• pain in the lower abdomen and back
• nausea and vomiting

TEST AND DIAGNOSIS

Diagnosing PID can be difficult because symptoms are usually mild and similar to other diseases. However if you experience symptoms like lower abdominal pain, your health care provider will perform a physical examination which will include a pelvic exam. This may show

• tenderness in the ovaries and uterus
• a cervix that bleeds easily
• cervical discharge
• pain associated with movement of the cervix

A culture of your cervix to check for gonorrhea and chlamydia can also detect this condition. Other tests include

Blood tests such as white blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR and C-reactive protein.

A pelvic ultrasound or CAT scan may also check for other serious conditions that can mimic PID such as appendicitis, pregnancy, pockets of infection around the tubes and ovaries or abscesses.

TREATMENT

PID can be treated with several antibiotics however the damage done to the reproductive organs cannot be reversed. It is therefore essential to seek early medical care. If you have pelvic pain or other symptoms associated with PID, seek medical care immediately.

Mild cases of PID require antibiotics injection and then you are sent home with antibiotics pills to take for two weeks.

More severe cases may require hospital stay. Antibiotics are given by IV and then by mouth.

It is difficult to identify organism infecting internal organs for this reason, PID is usually treated with more than one antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of infectious agents. Women who are undergoing treatment are re-evaluated three days after taking antibiotics to make sure the medication is working. You need finish the full course of the antibiotics even if symptoms go away.Sexual partners should be treated to decrease the risk of re- infection even if they are experiencing no symptoms.

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Texas PID Bonds Successfully Issued in Midst of Financial Crisis!

The City of Horseshoe Bay successfully formed the Escondido Public Improvement District ("PID") and issued bonds successfully on September 29th, 2008. The bonds will fund approximately $5.475 million in public facilities, including streets, water and sewer facilities, storm drains, public parks, trails and landscaping facilities. The PID bonds will allow the developer to recoup eligible infrastructure costs before the first home closes, which will enhance profitability and greatly improve the internal rate of return for the project.

Some additional advantages of PID financing include:

1.No TCEQ approval required;

2.No public bidding / prevailing wage requirement;

3.Almost all types of public infrastructure are eligible for reimbursement;

4.PID bond proceeds greatly reduce the need for equity investors, which significantly reduces          borrowing costs for the project;

5The PID assessment on an individual lot can be paid off in a lump sum or be paid off over 30 years.

6This flexibility allows the developer to either pass the debt service burden to the homeowner or pay off the total assessment at home closing, depending on market conditions.

What is a PID?

A PID is a financing tool created by the Public Improvement District Assessment Act as found in Chapter 372 of the Texas Local Government Code. The PID enables any city to levy and collect special assessments on property that is within the city or within the city's extraterritorial jurisdiction ("ETJ"). A county may also form a PID, but must obtain approval from a city if the proposed PID is within the city's ETJ. The PID establishes a mechanism to finance improvement projects through the issuance of bonds secured by special assessments levied on all benefitted properties. Because PIDs utilize assessments rather than taxes, PID bonds can be used to reimburse the developer for eligible infrastructure early in the development process, often before the closing of the first home.

DPFG has been involved in the formation of over 1,000 special districts throughout the country and assisted in the issuance of more than $8 billion in bonds.

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How to Cure Pid With Natural Therapy

Pelvic inflammatory disease(PID), or pelvic inflammation, is a term used to refer to the inflammation of female pelvic cavity reproductive organs, connective tissue around the uterus, and pelvic peritoneum. The chronic pelvic inflammation often the results from the treatment delay of the acute pelvic inflammation and it is a long-term,stubborn disease which makes it very troublesome. Bacterium retrograde through the uterus and fallopian tubes to the pelvic cavity and cause the inflammation. However, in real life, not all but a small number of women are likely to get PID. This is because the female reproductive system, with its natural defense function, under normal circumstances, can resist the invasion of bacterium. Only when body`s resistance drops, or for some reasons the natural defense function is damaged, there is a chance of the occurrence of PID.

The following reasons may lead to PID:

Inflammation after parturition or miscarriage
Women who just went through parturition is very frail. The opening cervix with lochia flowing, failed to close timely. Inside the uterine cavity there is the surface where the placenta fell off from, the birth canal injury caused by delivery, or the residues of the placenta or the fetal membrane. Pathogens invade the uterine through premature sexual life after parturition. All these can easily cause inflammation. In the process of spontaneous abortion or medical abortion, the vaginal breeds for too long. There might be tissue residues inside the uterine cavity. Or the aseptic operation is not strict. All these may also lead to infection.

Inflammation after intrauterine surgery 
Surgeries such as placing or removing of the coil, curettage, salpingography, hysteroscopy examination, submucosal uterine fibroid enuclation,etc. may lead to inflammation because of sexual life before the surgery, lower-level disinfection before the surgery and improper selection of the preoperative indications. Some patients may get PID caused by bacterial uplink infection, which is the result of carelessness personal hygiene or disobedience of doctor`s advice after the surgery.

Unhealthy habits during the menstrual period 
Some women do not pay attention to the menstrual health. Behaviors like use of unclean sanitary napkin and pad, bath in the tub, sexual life during the menstrual period all add to the possibility of PID.

Direct spread of inflammation from the adjacent organs 
The most common types including appendicitis and peritonitis. Because the inflammatory organ is adjacent to the internal genital organs of woman, the inflammation may spread directly and cause PID. Chronic cervicitis may also lead to PID through the lymphatic circulation.

Other reasons 
There are other reasons such as the acute episodes of chronic PID as well.

Treatment for PID 
Usually Antibiotics are used in the treatment of acute PID. Attention should be paid to the length of the treatment course. And traditional Chinese medicine could be combined in the treatment to achieve better result. Fuyan pill is a good choice for that. It has shown great effect in curing PID in the cases of many patients.

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Blowdown Valve (BDV) to Flare System

Hi my friend.
Today, In this post, we will learn about Blowdown Valve (BDV) to flare system configuration.
During emergency or depressuring, the BDV valve opens to release high pressure fluid flow to flare system.


The following are guidance for developing the BDV (Blowdown Valve) to flare system

BDV Size and Its Line Size

The BDV size is same with the inlet and outlet line size.

How to determine the appropriate line size?

1. You must determine the maximum flowrate through this BDV line during depressuring. So, you have to conduct depressuring study at first.
2. Based on the maximum flow (peak blowdown rate), select the appropriate size that meet the velocity and Rho v2 criteria.

• Most of Engineering Company consider maximum velocity of 60m/s (or 200 fps).
• Consider maximum Rho v2 of 200000 kg/m s2. (But, some other Engineering Company use the lower of 150000 kg/m s2 in their standard practice).  

The Rho v2 to be limited to prevent turbulence – induced vibration of flare piping based on the lesson learn of experience in many company.  

I suggest you to consider maximum Rho v2 of 150000 kg/m s2 for new design. 

Restriction Orifice (RO) Size

Do you know, why we need RO in downstream of the BDV to flare? It is to limit blowdown flowrate to flare system (to ensure controlled flow rate). When the BDV opens to release the high pressure on its upstream, the restriction orifice plate at its downstream ensures that the flow is not excessive to overload the flare system.

If there is no RO (or with RO but oversize), the actual flowrate to flare system could be higher (comparing to depressuring simulation result, which the BDV size, and pipes are designed for). Besides, the higher blowdown flowrate, the faster depressuring time, the colder the depressurized section system. The current material in the system may not appropriate to handle drop temperature.
RO to be sized correctly so that the actual maximum flowrate during blowdown is correct. Blowdown flowrate may exceeds the flare capacity due to RO is oversized. But, if RO is undersized, it will result in longer depressuring time. Therefore it is very important that the correct data is used when sizing the RO (ensure input data is correct), so that the RO size is correctly selected.

Pipe Size Downstream RO

The pipe size of downstream RO is usually bigger than the upstream line (since gas expand when pressure reduced). Therefore the reducer (enlarger) is provided at downstream RO.

1. The pipe size of downstream RO is selected with maximum Mach No 0.7,
2. The maximum back pressure at this line is about 0.5 times of upstream pressure to ensure the flowrate at throat RO is at critical condition (so that the flowrate through RO will only depend on the upstream pressure).  

BDV System Configuration

The distance from BDV to RO to be verified that the “coldness” temperature travel time is sufficient to avoid freezing of BDV is occurred.  This requirement is to prevent the moisture from atmosphere will freeze at the body BDV and potentially cause the stem stuck at position. Operator may not possible to close the BDV after blowdown activity and potentially lead to back flow.

For general practice, the distance from BDV to RO should be more than 0.6 meter (or other company use standard of minimum 3ft).

See the following figure.
  

That's all,,.

Warm regard from me ^_^ to all of you, please feedback if you have any concern.

Hope it useful for you.

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STHE - A, B, C stream?

My friends, I will share a simple material about heat transfer, But it will only focus on introduction for thermal rating using HTRI. Thermal design of STHE is done by sophisticated computer software. (HTRI, HTFS, ASPEN etc). However, a good understanding of the underlying principles of Exchanger design is needed to use this software effectively

For the very basic, please keep in your mind that the RATE PROCESS will always in proportional to TOTAL DRIVING FORCE divided by TOTAL RESISTANCE. In case of heat transfer, the driving force is differential temperature (dT). The resistances may caused by film fluid at tube (R tube) or at shell (R shell), the material of the tube(Rmetal), and fouling (Rf).

Additional required surface area due to fouling will proportional with Uc x Rf.  So please keep in your mind that this factor will have significant impact in case of high Uc. Be careful with the unit of Rf.

The area of heat exchanger shall sufficient to deliver certain duty. You know, the parameter to achieve required area is very easy; A =Q/ (U x delta T). But, what we need to know is how to design it not only with sufficiently area but also in effective cost, also without problem in operation.

An Effective design means that the exchanger has maximum driving force ( max delt T)  and minimum resistance (=maximum Uc), has sufficient area and operates well

Maximum driving force can be achieved by maximizing the temperature difference (Delta T = F. LMTD). F value is factor for non idealities of flow arrangement. You should design the heat exchanger with arrangement has F > 0.8 .

Minimum resistance could be achieved by maximizing the heat transfer coefficient. Unfortunately, the heat transfer will depend on many variables. The equation of heat transfer coefficient involves many complex parameters. But, in easy word, to maximize the heat transfer, we need to maximize the cross flows though the tubes bundle.  The principle of Bell Delaware Method is give correction factor of heat transfer value for non-idealities of cross flow due to some ‘leakage’ stream.

The coefficient heat transfer will decrease due to some leakage stream (Baffle – to Shell, Tube – to Baffle, By pass stream). The best flow stream is B stream. That is why, in designing STHE we should minimize the leakage stream and maximize B stream.

Hmm,,I think that all I can share to you by today.. Btw, how are you today my friend? Are you Ok there? I hope you have a great day wherever you are , and today will give us the best of everything for our future,

My friend, I hope you  happy because I came back to this blog :D,  and, thank you very much for everyone who give spirit to me to keep updating this blog. 

Warm regard, please keep coming.. 

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PSV Installation-Guide

My friend, Let me share a simple material about PSV installation. However it will only focus on designing the system.  This is become my first posting in this year. Hopefully, this material is useful for you in developing the system around PSV.

My friends, in developing or reviewing the P&ID, especially in PSV system, please consider the following ;

1. PSV normally be installed close to protected equipment.
The safety valve is installed for protecting the equipment, so that the closer to the equipment is better. For example, from safety point of view, to install the PSV directly at vessel is better than at line outlet vapor.

2. PSV for vapor application at vessel -shall be connected to the vessel in the vapor space higher than HHLL.

3. If any demister, PSV shall be connected to the vessel  at below the demister since there is  any potential blockage of demister, and if the PSV be installed at downstream demister, it will not protect the vessel in that case.

4. PSV may be installed at outlet vapor line. For this case, take care with the 3% pressure drop limitation.

5. For inlet line, please consider the total pressure drop of inlet line less than 3% of set pressure of the PSV.

This requirement (3%) is to avoid chattering on PSV. 

6. Inlet PSV shall "free draining" to avoid liquid accumulation. 

Please consider put NOTE on the P&ID, and as process engineer, you should check the final design by Piping engineer.

7. Block valve at inlet line ( if any) shall be LO and LC for spare PSV.

Block valve at outlet line (if any ) shall be LO

8. if discharged to ATM ( please indicate on P&ID "ASL" (at safe location) instead of ATM). The block valve is not required. The weep hole to be provided at lowest point of discharge pipe to drain the liquid.

9. Outlet line to be designed with Mach No < 0.7 

Check the momentum ( Rho v2 ) if the value of (Rho v2) > 200.000 Pa..please take care since it may be vibration. Usually Piping engineer will also check the requirement of piping support.

Back pressure to be considered based on PSV type.

Noise for emergency case typically more than 85 dB is still accepted. 

Check the two phase flow pattern, if there is any slug flow - please take care, you must state in the P&ID so that Piping Engineer will consider the strengthening of support.

10. Outlet line shall only have downward elevation change to the flare sub-header.  

11. Consider minimum distance from by pass block valve to discharge line for heavy hydrocarbon service.

12. Lateral connection to be designed with 45 deg or 30 deg to the header.

13 Please consider, Other system may have specific requirement. Think about it by yourself. 

I think that all, that I can share to you by today.

My friend, how are you today? It’s been long time I don’t update my blog, really sorry guys. I was very busy doing my project – urea plant in Palembang. Thank you very much for many of you who've contacted me via email and give me feedback and much-much spirit for me to keep updating this blog ‘again’

Thank so much for support me guys, I love you.

I hope this weekend give you all the best of everything,

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Minimum Flow System

My friend, In this posting we will discuss about the pump recycle systems. The pump shall be protected from minimum flow, due to the following reasons;

1. Thermal consideration which has effect to the pump efficiency (The efficiency will decrease significantly at low flow)

2. At low flow, Internal recirculation will be occurred

3. Increase load impeller (both axial and radial)

4. liquid containing a large amount of abrasive particles must flow continuously through the pump. at low flow, the particles can circulate inside the pump and erode the impeller.

The three types of pump recycle systems which are generally applied are ; 

1. Continuous recycle system --> use Orifice

2. Control loop system and --> use Control Valve

3. Automatic recycle system. --> use ARC

My friend, The followings are short guidance to apply those types.

1. ORIFICE

•  This system will provide continuous recycle flow whenever pump is running, regardless of the process demand.
• Typically applied for pump below 50 hp (38kW), or small capacity.
• Don’t forget, you must consider the additional capacity of the pump (the capacity is included recycle flow)
• For initial estimation, 30% of rated flow can be used as recycle flow basis.
• Take care for high pressure drop condition, is there any flashing? Two phase? Or vibration? If two phases is occurred, the orifice should be located at the end of the recycle line.

2. CONTROL VALVE

• When the minimum flow is reached, the valve start to open. The flowmeter shall be located at pump discharge side (installing at suction side will decrease the suction pressure, decrease NPSHa )
• The flow meter should be located before(upstream the) recycle line connection.
• Be careful with high pressure drop, control valve may be noise and vibration (an orifice in series with the control valve may be required)p

3. AUTOMATIC RECIRCULATION 

• This type is the spring loaded, combined recycle and check valve
• The spring loaded is set at a pressure correspond to minimum flow (based on pump curve) where the recycle starts to open.
• Check this link for the detail how the ARC valve work.

• No need additional check valve in the discharge system. The ARC provides back flow protection.
• Take care with pump with high discharge pressure ( while low pressure source) . The orifice may be required at the recycle line to avoid very big change of momentum

General Guide.

• Recycle line should be routed back to the source (tank or vessel) NOT to pump suction. Bubble of two phases can be formed during pressure reduction by orifice or control valve. It may be introduced into the pump. 
• Routing to suction line may causes excessive temperature build up in a very short time.
• For 2 x 100% operation, the recycle line can be connected at combined line.
• For 2 x 50 % operation, each pump shall have its own recycle system.

-          

     Generally, the recycle system is not shown in the PFD. There are two specific pumps when a recycle system should be included in the PFD. These are the BFW pump and pump with the high head or capacity. (discharge pressure > 1000 psig)

That's all I can share this time.

Hopefully this is useful for you..

Wait ..wait..I have a question for you.

Here my simple question.

Let say, 100 gpm liquid shall be transferred via pump to a tank. The recycle is continuous of 30 gpm use orifice.

How you state the pump capacity in the process datasheet?
A. Normal = 100 gpm , Rated = 100 +30 = 130 gpm
B. Normal = 130 gpm, Rated = 130 x 1.1 = 143 gpm
C. Normal = 100 gpm, Rated = 1.1 x 100 + 30 = 140 gpm

hhmm,,,can you explain WHY ?  it is simple, isn't ? :D

Thank my friend..

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Discharge Pump System

My friend, how are you today, ? I hope this weekend give us the best of everything ; find some good experiences, new spirit, and (may be) new planning for the better future, etc.

My friends, Let me share a simple material regarding the discharge pump system, but in this posting, I will only focus on centrifugal pump type. 

The followings are the points to be considered when we design centrifugal pump discharge system. Hope this article help you in checking P&ID.. 

1. Provide  block valve for isolate the discharge side

The block valve or isolation valve  will be used for :

   - Priming and regulating flow

   - Isolating the pump for inspection and maintenance

The type of block valve can be either gate valve, ball valve or butterfly valve type depends on the piping specification.

2. Provide a pressure gauge (PG or PI) to verify the discharge pressure

The pressure gauge should be located close to the outlet of the pump. It will help you diagnose pump system problem. The pump head can be determined based on the pressure gauge at suction and discharge pump. But the static head shall be counted for correction.

3. Provide check valve to protect the pump 

The check valve will protect the pump in the event of sudden stoppage that cause reversal flow in an upset condition. Without check valve, pump may running in reverse direction, pump shafts have been broken this way. 

The following picture is a sample of discharge pump system.

 An example of typical system which potential cause back flow or reverse flow.

My friends, the following is just an example, of course it is not a real condition . I want to explain this as simple as possible. hopefully, you can imagine the back flow or water hammer phenomenon more easily.

The pump deliver liquid through high elevation to the destination which is lower than the highest point. The liquid will flow back to the pump when upset condition or sudden pump stop.

In the system above, when start up water hammer can be occurred. It is suggestion to install manual valve that are controlled to open gradually.

4. Control valve SHALL be located at discharge pump

Control valve in the suction side cause pump work in unstable condition, also will cause more pressure drop to suction system, and finally decrease the NPSH.

5. Provide minimum flow to protect the pump

Centrifugal pumps should not be used at a low flowrate less than a certain percentage of BEP ( Best Efficiency Point). Generally the minimum flowrate required for centrifugal pump may be in range 50%-70% of BEP.

Usually, in the design basic stage, or proposal stage we assume of 30% of rated flow. This assumption shall be updated in project or detail engineering stage based on vendor information and pump performance curve.

Hopefully we can discuss more deep about the minimum flow of centrifugal pump in other time. the following is just an example.

The system can use RO or control valve or automatic recirculation valve (ARC).

The rule of thumb say that the control valve system typically becomes economical above 50 hp ( 38 kW) and the RO applied for pumps below 50 hp (38 kW). 

My friends, thank for reading.

I will very appreciate you if you give me comment or correction when I make any mistakes in this posting.

Hope this useful for you. .

Happy weekend,..,,

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Reducer Suction Pump System

Generally, the pump inlet nozzle size is smaller than the suction line size. Therefore, usually, the reducer is required on suction pump nozzle. What the appropriate type of reducer should be applied ? Eccentric or Concentric ?

In this posting, I will share my experience in determining what reducer type should be used, whether it is eccentric or concentric ?
Hopefully, the following picture give you better understanding what the consideration in selection. 

You can refer to this link for check the availability of reducer size based on ANSI B16.9.

1. Suction Pump 

Eccentric type, TOP Flat is selected for suction pump.

Suction pump service fluid is liquid. To avoid build up vapor or bubble in the system, the eccentric type with TOP FLAT should be used.

2. Steam Flow 

To avoid condensate accumulated which might will be potential cause slug flow, the eccentric, BOTTOM Flat type shall be used.

3. Flare Header

The flare header pipe shall be sloped to Flare KO Drum. The liquid formed along the pipe shall free draining to the KO Drum. Therefore, the appropriate type of reducer type is eccentric with BOTTOM flat.

My friends, That's all I can share .. 

What do you think ? what the appropriate type of reducer should be applied on control valves?

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Pump Suction Strainer

For pump protection, inlet line suction pump should be fitted with a strainer. The strainer can be either T or Y type, permanent or only for temporary. For clean fluid service, such as; demineralized water, boiler feed water, etc the temporary strainer can be used..

In this posting, we will discuss about the strainer installed in suction pump. My friends please talk back in the comment if I mistake and let me know your opinion.  If you have any other information regarding the strainer, please share in the comment section

1.Generally, for permanent application, Y type strainer is used for small size.

The following table can be used as a general rule of thumb ;

Suction Line Size            Type

3” and smaller                        Y 

4” and larger                           T 

(This rule depends on particular project requirement. Please Note: The piping specification shall be followed instead of this rule).

You can click here to see the picture of T and Y type.

2. Permanent strainer shall be provided in service where fouling or solids or foreign matter are normal part of the pumped fluid.

3. Temporary strainer can be applied for clean fluid service, for example; boiler feed water, demineralized water etc. Suction pump shall be provided with temporary strainer where permanent strainer is not provided

4. Strainer shall be located as close to the pump as feasible, and at downstream of suction block valve. 

5. Piping Engineer shall be design the system arrangement, so that the strainer element can be easily inserted and removed without effecting the pump alignment.

6. If the Y type strainer is located at a low point, a ¾” valve drain can be provided at the Y type strainer flange of 3” and larger 

7.  Strainer can be equipped with a pressure differential gauge to monitor pressure drop of the strainer.

8. If required, A pressure gauge shall be provided downstream of a permanent strainer and temperature gauge shall be located at upstream of strainer.

9. Temporary strainer is always used to prevent damage when commissioning

My friends, That's all I can share .. 

Actually, I can't explain WHY the TEE type strainer is applied for larger size ?.( why the Y strainer is generally applied for small size?) 

If you have the answer or any explanation, please share in comment section below.

I believe you  know much rather than me. So please add any other information about strainer in pump suction if you know..

Happy holiday my friends ^_^ ,,  I hope this holiday brings you the best of everything...

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